GNU/Linux Desktop Survival Guide by Graham Williams
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Test Microphone

A quick way to test the microphone is to run audacity. Once started click the record button (the red dot) and start talking.

From the command line first list the recognised soundcards and digital audio devices with --list-devices or -l for short.

$ arecord --list-devices
**** List of CAPTURE Hardware Devices ****
card 0: PCH [HDA Intel PCH], device 0: ALC285 Analog [ALC285 Analog]
  Subdevices: 1/1
  Subdevice #0: subdevice #0
card 1: USB [ThinkPad Thunderbolt 3 Dock USB], device 0: USB Audio [USB Audio]
  Subdevices: 1/1
  Subdevice #0: subdevice #0

Now record --duration=5 seconds (or -d) from one --device="hw:1,0" (card 1 device 0).

$ arecord --duration=5 --device="hw:1,0" -f S16_LE -r 16000 /tmp/test-mic.wav

$ aplay /tmp/test-mic.wav